9/4/2023 0 Comments Operation phantom fury target![]() ![]() Whether the confrontations are logically connected and interdependent or have little to do with each other, the fact is that Iraq has not seen any real let-up in the violence since 2003. 4 Although children, women and men are still being killed every day, the reasons have changed significantly and new participants have appeared over time, with fronts developing as alliances are formed and dissolve. After that date, hostilities were classified as non-international armed conflict. It preceded a period of occupation that lasted until 28 June 2004. For instance, the 2003 conflict has been qualified as an international armed conflict. It is true that the classification of the conflict, the parties to the conflict and the methods of warfare have evolved over the last fifteen years. Worse still, the country has been in a constant state of war since 2003. 3 The international sanctions that followed the Gulf War also affected the country's infrastructure and generated many humanitarian problems, which have cost the Iraqi people dear. 2 Between 19, the country suffered three conflicts: the Iran–Iraq war (1980–88), the Gulf War (1990–91) and the aftermath of the invasion by a US-led coalition (2003). The ICRC has taken action repeatedly in Iraq since 1950, and that action has become much more diverse since 1991. Modern Iraq gives the impression that it is constantly dealing with internal population movements, whether they are caused by armed conflicts – international or domestic – or by other violence. How does a protracted conflict affect displacement? Does a protracted conflict automatically lead to protracted displacement? To what extent is the displacement in these conflicts linked to violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) rather than other factors? How do those violations affect patterns of displacement? This article seeks to provide some answers to these questions, focusing on the example of Iraq from 2003 to the present day. As the ICRC report mentions, the displacement of civilians during a protracted war is a difficult issue that deserves our attention. They require responses that go beyond the usual ways of providing protection and assistance: they require a response in which the boundary between humanitarian aid and development is much more blurred, and in which different time frames coexist, for example by combining emergency aid with long-term programmes. Recently, however, “protracted conflict” has become a concept in its own right, and there is now an awareness that such conflicts change the nature of humanitarian aid. In fact, this kind of war is as old as humanity itself. Long wars are not a new phenomenon – there are historical conflicts with evocative names such as the Thirty Years’ War and the Hundred Years’ War, and the twentieth century also saw many long-running conflicts. Protracted conflicts are a major source of human suffering and a cause of protracted displacement, migration and development reversals. The average length of time the ICRC has been present in the countries hosting its ten largest operations is more than 36 years. ![]() ![]() The ICRC spends about two-thirds of its budget on protracted conflicts. ![]() In a report published in 2016, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) stated: In recent years, humanitarian organizations have consistently emphasized the long duration of many armed conflicts and the ways in which that duration affects humanitarian aid. It discusses how Iraq has been struggling with acts of violence, hostilities and IHL violations that have generated displacement and human suffering. Based on the literature produced by humanitarian organizations and academia, this article aims at analyzing what triggers displacement in protracted conflict, highlighting the role of international humanitarian law (IHL) violations. The displacement of civilians during a protracted war is a difficult issue that deserves our attention, and Iraq is unfortunately an emblematic example of this phenomenon. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |